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Has the global tobacco advocacy been manipulated by Big Tobacco’s lobbying agenda? Where the tobacco lobby is concerned, it would be naive to think there’s smoke without fire.
One of the dirtier secrets of the international tax world — and yes, the bar is quite high — is the role of tobacco companies in seeking to manipulate policies that might reduce the number of people dying because they consume tobacco.
The main angle taken by the lobby has been to direct attention toward “illicit” tobacco, where customs duties and tax may not have been paid.
Now I care a lot about tax, but even I can see that whether tobacco was taxed before being consumed is barely even a second-order issue, when compared to the question of whether people are dying because of their consumption — which they are, and will continue to do, in their millions.
But the thematic focus of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) World No Tobacco Day 2015 is not directly on stopping tobacco consumption, as the name might suggest. Instead it turns out to be: “Stop the illicit trade in tobacco products.”
HUMAN IMPACT OF TOBACCO
Tobacco kills. And overwhelmingly, it kills poorer rather than richer people; and as time goes by, it kills people in poorer rather than richer countries.
In a rich country like the United States, researcher Prabhat Jha and colleagues find that: “The rate of death from any cause among current smokers was about three times that among those who had never smoked… The probability of surviving from 25 to 79 years of age was about twice as great in those who had never smoked as in current smokers (70% vs 38% among women and 61% vs 26% among men). Life expectancy was shortened by more than 10 years among the current smokers, as compared with those who had never smoked.” But it is in lower-income countries where most smokers and tobacco consumers are, and will be. Consequently, it is in lower-income countries where most tobacco-related deaths happen and will happen: Over four million a year, more than TB, malaria and HIV/AIDS combined (data from Tobacco Atlas). And the costs are likely only to rise, since the number of daily smokers continues to grow, from 721 million in 1980 to 967 million in 2012 (despite a drop in smoking prevalence).
So call it a billion daily smokers. That’s a big market, for something expensive and addictive.
THE TOBACCO LOBBY
The most visible activity of the tobacco lobby is that carried out by the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC). The Financial Times covered the ITIC in October, under the headline “Tobacco lobby aims to derail WHO in tax increases.” It reported:
“A tobacco industry-funded lobby group will attempt to derail a World Health Organization summit aimed at agreeing increased taxes on smoking, according to leaked documents seen by the Financial Times.
“The International Tax and Investment Center, which is sponsored by all four major tobacco groups, will meet on the eve of the WHO’s global summit on tobacco policy in Moscow later this month in a bid to head off unwanted duty increases.”
The WHO sees the ITIC’s actions as so extreme that it has called for governments not even to engage with them. With such a position taken by a major United Nations (UN) body, the ITIC cannot be seen as legitimate in its claim to provide objective analysis to governments around the world.
THE INTERNATIONAL TAX ARENA
But within the tax sphere, many leading actors work with the ITIC.
As the Observer highlighted, the former permanent secretary of HM Revenue and Customs (head of the United Kingdom tax authority) became a director of ITIC just a year after stepping down. His justification, given to the paper, was that he is not an executive director and is unpaid; and that around 50 other “leading figures in taxation” are involved in the same way.
The ITIC’s “senior advisors” list is certainly an impressive one from the tax perspective, including a number of respected researchers and tax officials, with Jeffrey Owens — former head of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) tax arm, the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration — singled out as a “Distinguished Fellow.”
Similarly, it’s unclear why non-tobacco multinationals like Goldman Sachs or ExxonMobil would want to associate themselves with this lobby, not to mention the professional services firms which include the big four accounting firms, and lawyers such as Pinsent Masons.
The ITIC explains it this way: “Sponsors recognize the tremendous value added by ITIC in the countries in which they operate, through the promotion of an environment that welcomes business.”
But commercial organizations of this size can surely promote such an environment without the taint of tobacco lobbying.
There could hardly be a clearer message for the sponsors and fellows to find an alternative to the ITIC, than for a major UN organization like the WHO actively warning governments not even to engage with it.
THE ‘ILLICIT’ TOBACCO ARGUMENT
What about the substantive basis for the arguments made by the ITIC?
The main claim made is that taxing tobacco creates incentives for illegal tobacco trade. This in turn reduces the revenue benefits of the tax, and also encourages criminal activity:
“This growing and dangerous problem is not just a tax issue — beyond substantial government revenue losses, the impact of illegal trade constrains economic development and raises barriers and costs for international trade,” said Daniel Witt, president of ITIC. “It also poses significant health risks, and presents numerous challenges for law enforcement, from violations of intellectual property rights to money laundering and organized crime activity.”
Arguments along these lines have been used in seeking to influence tax policy — that is, against higher tobacco taxes — from Ukraine to the Philippines, with critics arguing that the estimates provided tend to systematically overstate the case.
A recent study published in the British Medical Journal’s Tobacco Control, for example, looks at estimates produced for Hong Kong, and finds that: “The industry-funded estimate was inflated by 133 — 337% of the probable true value.”
As Bill Savedoff highlights in his Center for Global Development podcast, the broader evidence simply does not support the claim that higher tobacco taxes lead to illicit tobacco trade. Significant tax rises over the last 10-15 years have not been associated with any increase in the proportion of tobacco that is illicit (about 9%-11%). Other factors like enforcement and effective tax administration seem much more important.
In addition, as Savedoff puts it: “What’s particularly ironic about this argument from the tobacco companies is that they are the ones that have been responsible for most smuggling… Essentially, to get the magnitude of smuggling that you would need, to have an impact on the tobacco tax, or consumption, you have to have the complicity, if not the actual responsibility, of the tobacco companies themselves.”
Also, Michal Stoklosa of the American Cancer Society in a Tobacco Atlas paper, argues that “most importantly, it is clear that the measures that aim at reducing demand for cigarettes more generally are crucial in reducing the illicit trade problem.”
There is no doubt that illicit trade in tobacco exists; and nobody argues it’s a good thing. But it’s clearly not the big issue about tobacco consumption — that would be, er, tobacco consumption.
Illicitness, in this case, is not associated with any greater health damage. And overall tax revenue losses do not seem to result from well-administered rises in tobacco taxation that cuts consumption, because illicit trade has tended not to increase. (As an aside: unlike some taxes, revenue is not the prime reason for “sin” taxes — in this case the aim is, explicitly, to reduce the tax base and eventually the revenues, by curtailing damaging behavior.)
Should the WHO then use its biggest awareness-raising moment of the year to focus on illicit trade? From the outside, it seems clear that “No Tobacco” would have found a stronger expression in a theme that sought to reduce all tobacco consumption.
I don’t mean to suggest anything illicit in the WHO’s adoption of this theme. Clearly they have taken a very direct stance against the well-funded lobbying of the ITIC. But if we ask whether this theme would have been chosen, absent ITIC lobbying over recent years, it seems likely the answer is no. I hope the WTO can stick to the mission of the day — that is, of No Tobacco.
For now, chalk one up for the ITIC.
But then ask: Of the many individuals — the chairmen, co-chairmen and directors — and the professional services firms and non-tobacco multinationals working with the ITIC, how many would see this as a win?
Do they each mean to lend their names and reputation to an organization that has consistently lobbied individual governments, especially in developing countries, and international organizations, against tax measures that are proven to reduce tobacco consumption, and all the health damage and needless death that results?
If not — and I very much hope not — then World No Tobacco Day 2015 seems like a fine time to step away from the ITIC.
Alex Cobham is an Oxford-based economist who has collaborated with Action for Economic Reforms in advancing tax reforms. He is the director of research of the Tax Justice Network.